Corrections and Retractions

1. Corrections (Errata)

Corrections are issued when a published article contains errors that do not alter the overall results, interpretations, or conclusions, but require clarification for the scholarly record.

Examples include:

  • Minor typographical errors

  • Author name spelling corrections

  • Incorrect figure/table labels

Process:

  • Authors or readers notify the editorial office.

  • Editors assess the error and publish a Correction Notice linked to the original article.

  • The original article remains unchanged except for a footnote referencing the correction.

2. Retractions

Retractions are issued when a published article contains serious errors or ethical issues that invalidate its findings, such as:

  • Data fabrication or falsification

  • Plagiarism

  • Duplicate publication

  • Ethical violations (e.g., lack of IRB approval, no informed consent)

Process:

  • An investigation is initiated by the editors, possibly involving the authors’ institution.

  • The authors are given an opportunity to respond.

  • If retraction is warranted, a Retraction Notice is published, clearly stating the reasons and who initiated the retraction.

  • The original article is marked “Retracted” but remains accessible with the retraction notice linked.

3. Editorial Expressions of Concern

An Editorial Expression of Concern may be issued when:

  • There is uncertainty about the integrity or validity of an article.

  • An investigation is underway but not yet concluded.

  • Sufficient evidence of a problem exists but is inconclusive.

Process:

  • The editorial team may publish an Expression of Concern Notice, explaining the issue and pending action.

  • The notice will be updated or followed by a correction or retraction once the issue is resolved.

4. Transparency and Accountability

  • All notices (correction, retraction, or concern) will be freely accessible.

  • Notices will appear in the table of contents and be clearly labeled.

  • The editorial board ensures that notices are handled in a timely, fair, and transparent manner.